David W. Ball of Cleveland State University brings his new survey of general chemistry text, Introductory Chemistry, to the market with a fresh theme that will be sure to hold student interest: "Chemistry is Everywhere." Introductory Chemistry is intended for a one-semester introductory or preparatory chemistry course. Throughout the chapters, David presents …The Department of Chemistry is a dynamic, growing department with faculty dedicated to providing quality education for all undergraduates through innovative programs, such as science service learning that have allowed UW students to mentor at-risk kids in science activities, monitor water quality in area streams, and help high school teachers ...Academy-award winner Anne Hathaway has revealed that early on in her career, she was encouraged to kiss 10 potential co-stars in a film she was cast in to …An important part of general chemistry is learning about different types of solutions and mixtures and how to calculate concentrations. This category includes topics such as colloids, suspensions, and dilutions. The main topics in chemistry include atomic structure, the periodic table, chemical bonds, and chemical reactions.Industrial chemistry is the manufacturing art concerned with the transformation of matter into useful materials in useful amounts. Usually this transformation of available materials into more desirable ones involves some kind of process following a recipe. In turn the process may involve grinding, mixing together various ingredients, …Some chemistry programs offer materials science as a specialization, and some engineering programs offer a joint degree in materials science and engineering. Graduate students in chemistry commonly include specialization in a subfield, such as analytical chemistry or inorganic chemistry. For example, those interested in doing …Consider these key differences between the disciplines: 1. Applications. Chemists tend to focus more on research projects, while chemical engineers apply chemistry concepts to the creation of different materials. Chemists often work in theoretical analysis, which aims to discover new knowledge that advances an academic field.Materials science is an interdisciplinary field of researching and discovering materials. Materials engineering is an engineering field of finding uses for materials in other fields and industries. The intellectual origins of materials science stem from the Age of Enlightenment, when researchers began to use analytical thinking from chemistry ...Explore over 40 fields and find the right path wherever you are in your career. Health & Safety Process Chemistry Biotechnology. Chemistry & the Law Human Resources Forensics Environmental Chemistry. Nanochemistry Explore All Fields.Jul 2, 2019 · Understanding chemistry or any science means learning the scientific method. This is a process of asking questions about the world and finding answers that extend beyond science. It can be used to reach logical conclusions, based on evidence. Chemistry 2e is designed to meet the scope and sequence requirements of the two-semester general chemistry course. The textbook provides an important opportunity for students to learn the core concepts of chemistry and understand how those concepts apply to their lives and the world around them. The book also includes a number of innovative ...Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. Give today and help us reach more students. Help. OpenStax. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials.Nov 13, 2022 · Energetics refers to the thermodynamics of chemical change, related to the uptake or release of heat. This aspect of chemistry controls the direction in which change occurs, and the mixture of substances that are produced as a result. Composition and structure define the substances that are produced because of a chemical change. Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other ... This online chemistry video tutorial provides a basic overview / introduction of common concepts taught in high school regular, honors, and ap chemistry as w... NIST is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce . The NIST Chemistry WebBook was developed in part with funds from the Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) program at NIST. Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products. Chemistry. Simulations - Discover a new way of learning Physics using Real World Simulations. PLIX - Play, Learn, Interact and Xplore a concept with PLIX. Chemistry is a physical science, and it is the study of the properties of and interactions between matter and energy. Analytical chemistry: Analytical chemistry focuses on the structure and composition of matter. Related: 23 Types of Chemistry (Plus Choosing a Specialization) 1. Organic chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of the structures, composition, properties and reactions of compounds that contain carbon and have a carbon-hydrogen bond.Chemistry takes place at very hot or cold temperatures, under huge pressures or low densities, in the presence of intense radiation from stars or inside dark nebulas. As a result, astrochemists study the way chemical bonds form under interstellar conditions which are very alien to us, using astronomical observations, theoretical calculations ...Erase the Periodic Table. Chemistry doesn't really allow for mistakes. Science. 6m. Secret Science Laboratory. Make sure you're wearing all the proper safety equipment before entering this laboratory. Science. 7m. Super Science Bunker.Chemistry is a branch of science. Although science itself is difficult to define exactly, the following definition can serve as a starting point. Science is the process of knowing about the natural universe through observation and experiment. Science is not the only process of knowing (e.g., the ancient Greeks simply sat and thought ), but it ...In Bonnie Garmus’s debut novel, “Lessons in Chemistry,” a woman who has been banished to the home front turns it into a staging ground for a revolution. At the end of each episode of ...Charles Goodyear (1800-1860) discovered the process of vulcanization, allowing a stable rubber product to be produced for the tires of all the vehicles that we have today. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) pioneered the use of heat sterilization to eliminate unwanted microorganisms in wine and milk. Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) invented dynamite. Chemistry. Simulations - Discover a new way of learning Physics using Real World Simulations. PLIX - Play, Learn, Interact and Xplore a concept with PLIX. Chemistry is a physical science, and it is the study of the properties of and interactions between matter and energy. Chemistry, like physics, is a physical science that explores the structure of matter and energy and the way the two interact with each other. The basic building blocks of matter are atoms, which join together to form molecules. Atoms and molecules interact to form new products through chemical reactions . 02. of 10.Kids Encyclopedia Facts. Chemistry is the science of chemical elements and compounds. Chemistry is a branch of science that deals with chemical elements and compounds, and how these things work together. It is the study of the materials (things) that make up our bodies and everything in the world around us. History. Types of chemistry. ACS is one of the world’s largest scientific societies and the premier home of chemistry professionals. Find career opportunities, educational resources, professional development, and much more. The concept of greening chemistry developed in the business and regulatory communities as a natural evolution of pollution prevention initiatives. In our efforts to improve crop protection, commercial products and medicines, we also caused unintended harm to our planet and humans. By the mid-20th century, some of the long-term negative effects ...Carolyn R. Bertozzi, Morten Meldal and K. Barry Sharpless share the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for discovering an easy way to “click” molecular building blocks together. Josh Fischman. Basic ...Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolysis is a promising pathway for producing low-carbon hydrogen via electrolysis coupled to variable renewable energy …Most research jobs in chemistry require a master's degree or, more frequently, a PhD. Students planning careers as chemists should take courses in science and mathematics, should like working with their hands building scientific apparatus and performing laboratory experiments, and should like computer modeling.Chemistry, covered. Science news, research, reviews, features and opinions. Read Chemistry World to keep up with stories from across the chemical sciences.chemistry n. (science) chimie nf. Chemistry is a physical science that requires a strong knowledge of math. La chimie est une science du domaine de la physique qui nécessite de bonnes connaissances en maths. chemistry n. (school subject) (matière scolaire) chimie nf. Lisa failed chemistry last semester. CHEMISTRY definition: 1. the scientific study of the basic characteristics of substances and the ways in which they react…. Learn more. Chemistry is a branch of science. Although science itself is difficult to define exactly, the following definition can serve as a starting point. Science is the process of knowing about the natural universe through observation and experiment. Science is not the only process of knowing (e.g., the ancient Greeks simply sat and thought ), but it ...Mar 21, 2024 · Chemistry The smallest known molecular knot is made of just 54 atoms Chemists are still trying to figure out why this combination of gold, phosphorus, oxygen and carbon atoms resulted in a ... Chemistry. Simulations - Discover a new way of learning Physics using Real World Simulations. PLIX - Play, Learn, Interact and Xplore a concept with PLIX. Chemistry is a physical science, and it is the study of the properties of and interactions between matter and energy. Lessons in Chemistry is a page-turning and highly satisfying tale: zippy, zesty, and Zotty." — Maggie Shipstead, author of Great Circle " Lessons in Chemistry is a breath of fresh air—a witty, propulsive, and refreshingly hopeful novel populated with singular characters. This book is an utter delight—wry, warm, and compulsively readable."Chemistry is the study of matter, its structure, properties and behaviour, and how it changes in chemical reactions. Learn about the branches, history and applications of chemistry, from analytical to organic, from Lavoisier …True chemistry results. But like science, life is unpredictable. Which is why a few years later Elizabeth Zott finds herself not only a single mother, but the reluctant star of America’s most beloved cooking show Supper at Six. Elizabeth’s unusual approach to cooking (“combine one tablespoon acetic acid with a pinch of sodium chloride ... Matches any text strings used to describe a molecule. Systematic Name, Synonym, Trade Name, Registry Number, SMILES, InChI or CSID. What is ChemSpider? ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database providing fast text and structure search access to over 100 million structures from hundreds of data sources. Search by chemical names. chemistry: [noun] a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo. In organic chemistry, an acid anhydride is a functional group consisting of two acyl groups joined together by an oxygen atom. Acid anhydride also refers to compounds containing the acid anhydride functional group. Acid anhydrides are named from the acids that created them. The ‘acid’ part of the name is replaced with ‘anhydride’.Analytical chemistry is the science of obtaining, processing, and communicating information about the composition and structure of matter. In other words, it is the art and science of determining what matter is and how much of it exists. Analytical chemistry can be a challenging profession that makes significant contributions to many fields of ...Jul 3, 2017 · An atom that undergoes alpha decay will reduce its atomic mass by 4 and become the element two atomic numbers less. The general reaction for alpha decay is. Z X A → Z-4 Y A-2 + 4 He 2. where X is the parent atom, Y is the daughter atom, Z is the atomic mass of X, A is the atomic number of X. The 1871 periodic table constructed by Dmitri Mendeleev. The periodic table is one of the most potent icons in science, lying at the core of chemistry and embodying the most fundamental principles of the field. The history of chemistry represents a time span from ancient history to the present. By 1000 BC, civilizations used technologies that ...Foundations of Chemistry is an international journal is an interdisciplinary forum in which chemists, biochemists, philosophers, historians, educators and sociologists discuss conceptual and fundamental issues which relate to the `central science' of chemistry. Coverage includes the autonomous role of chemistry between physics and biology and ...Feb 3, 2023 · Consider these key differences between the disciplines: 1. Applications. Chemists tend to focus more on research projects, while chemical engineers apply chemistry concepts to the creation of different materials. Chemists often work in theoretical analysis, which aims to discover new knowledge that advances an academic field. ChemSpider is a free chemical structure database providing fast text and structure search access to over 100 million structures from hundreds of data sources. Search by chemical … A brief introduction to organic chemistry. Carbon can form covalent bonds with itself and other elements to create a mind-boggling array of structures. In organic chemistry, we will learn about the reactions chemists use to synthesize crazy carbon based structures, as well as the analytical methods to characterize them. Organic chemistry is the study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation of carbon-containing compounds. Most organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, but they may also include any number of other elements (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, halogens, phosphorus, silicon, sulfur). Originally limited to the study of ...Chemestry synonyms, Chemestry pronunciation, Chemestry translation, English dictionary definition of Chemestry. n. pl. chem·is·tries 1. The science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter, especially …2.E: The Mathematics of Chemistry (Exercises) These are homework exercises to accompany Chapter 2 of the Furman University's LibreText for CHE 101 - Chemistry and Global Awareness. Mathematics is used widely in chemistry and are absolutely necessary to explore important concepts in chemistry. Without some basic …The definition of chemometrics is is evident in its name, where chemo– means chemical and –metrics means measurement; thus, chemometrics is the study of chemical (and biochemical) measurements and is a branch of analytical chemistry. Examples of chemometric applications include. These topics, and others, are the focus of … Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter. It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other ... Learn the basics of chemistry with Khan Academy, a free online platform that offers courses on atoms, compounds, ions, and more. This video is an introduction to AP Chemistry, a …Chemistry, covered. Science news, research, reviews, features and opinions. Read Chemistry World to keep up with stories from across the chemical sciences.Chemistry. Simulations - Discover a new way of learning Physics using Real World Simulations. PLIX - Play, Learn, Interact and Xplore a concept with PLIX. Chemistry is a physical science, and it is the study of the properties of and …Recomendado por MICHAEL MONTOYA. Extensive and depth experience & leadership in R&D, QSHE, manufacturing, commercial, strategic and operations managing challenging …Our mission is to improve educational access and learning for everyone. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501 (c) (3) nonprofit. Give today and help us reach more students. Help. OpenStax. This free textbook is an OpenStax resource written to increase student access to high-quality, peer-reviewed learning materials.Computational chemistry is a branch of chemistry that uses computer simulations to assist in solving chemical problems. It uses methods of theoretical chemistry incorporated into computer programs to calculate the structures and properties of molecules, groups of molecules, and solids. The importance of this subject stems from the fact that, with the …Lessons in Chemistry is a page-turning and highly satisfying tale: zippy, zesty, and Zotty." — Maggie Shipstead, author of Great Circle " Lessons in Chemistry is a breath of fresh air—a witty, propulsive, and refreshingly hopeful novel populated with singular characters. This book is an utter delight—wry, warm, and compulsively readable."Jun 8, 2018 · Chemistry, like physics, is a physical science that explores the structure of matter and energy and the way the two interact with each other. The basic building blocks of matter are atoms, which join together to form molecules. Atoms and molecules interact to form new products through chemical reactions . 02. of 10. 4.1: Atoms, Elements, and the Nucleus. The parallel concepts of the element and the atom constitute the very foundations of chemical science. The concept of the element is a macroscopic one that relates to the world that we can observe with our senses. The atom is the microscopic realization of this concept; that is, it is the actual physical ...CHEMISTRY significado, definição CHEMISTRY: 1. the scientific study of the basic characteristics of substances and the ways in which they react…25121. General chemistry courses often taught at the high school and introductory university level and are intended to serve as a broad introduction to a variety of concepts in chemistry. These are textbooks and textmaps are designed to address General chemistry course formulated with different organizations and levels.Learn high school chemistry using videos, articles, and NGSS-aligned practice. Explore the fundamentals of atomic structure, chemical bonding, chemical reactions, …This course provides an introduction to the chemistry of biological, inorganic, and organic molecules. The emphasis is on basic principles of atomic and molecular electronic structure, thermodynamics, acid-base and redox equilibria, chemical kinetics, and catalysis. One year of high school chemistry is the expected background for this freshman-level course.Interpol ofrece el show más grande de su carrera en Ciudad de México: Los 5 mejores momentos. La banda tocó el 20 de abril en el Zócalo ante más de 160.000 …CHEMISTRY significado, definição CHEMISTRY: 1. the scientific study of the basic characteristics of substances and the ways in which they react…Mar 20, 2019 · 1. Chemist. By far the most obvious job on the list, many chemistry students do go on to find work as chemists after their studies. Although some advanced positions require at least a master's degree, individuals with a bachelor's in chemistry are qualified for most associate or entry-level jobs. Many early-career chemists work directly under ... Physical Chemistry. Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that applies the core techniques and theories of physics to the study of chemical systems in order to ask questions about how matter behaves at a molecular and atomic level, and how chemical reactions occur. It is concerned with the interactions and transformations of materials ...Medicinal chemistry is also an art where the artist uses a subtle mixture of knowledge, experimental learning, creativity, intuition, boldness, and serendipity to paint the right canvas (Jung and Radi). Medicinal chemistry is an adventure, a treasure hunt that seeks to offer us higher life quality. The treasure often lies outside the box.Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms. Study of structure determines their structural formula.Study of properties includes physical and chemical properties, and evaluation of …Here are brief summaries of the most important laws, the foundational concepts, and principles of chemistry: Avogadro's Law. Equal volumes of gases under identical temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of particles (atoms, ions, molecules, electrons, etc.). Boyle's Law. At a constant temperature, the volume of a …“At the end [after the audition], Kristen was like, ‘It has to be Rob.’ I could tell they had a lot of chemistry, and I’m like, ‘Oh my God.’ I thought, ‘Kristen was 17.Mar 6, 2024 · Nature Chemistry offers a unique mix of news and reviews alongside top-quality research papers. Published monthly, in print and online, the journal reflects the entire spectrum of chemistry, pure ... Chemistry, like physics, is a physical science that explores the structure of matter and energy and the way the two interact with each other. The basic building blocks of matter are atoms, which join together to form molecules. Atoms and molecules interact to form new products through chemical reactions . 02. of 10.Yet what her comments have done is to reopen discussion about the chemistry test in Hollywood, which used to be standard practice, but, as Hathaway has …Physical chemistry is a good area for chemists who have a strong curiosity about how things work at the atomic level and enjoy working with lab instrumentation and machines. What do physical chemists do? Physical chemists discover, test, and strive to understand the physical characteristics of a material (i.e., solid, liquid, or gas). Precision ... Organic IV. Introduction to Organic Chemistry IV. Sn1E1 Reactions. Sn2E2 Reactions. Review of Organic Chemistry IV. From aluminum to xenon, we explain the properties and composition of the substances that make up all matter. PubChem is the world's largest collection of freely accessible chemical information. Search chemicals by name, molecular formula, structure, and other identifiers. Find chemical and physical properties, biological activities, safety and toxicity information, patents, literature citations and more. We are constantly adding new data and working ... Organic IV. Introduction to Organic Chemistry IV. Sn1E1 Reactions. Sn2E2 Reactions. Review of Organic Chemistry IV. From aluminum to xenon, we explain the properties and composition of the substances that make up all matter. chemistry n. (science) chimie nf. Chemistry is a physical science that requires a strong knowledge of math. La chimie est une science du domaine de la physique qui nécessite de bonnes connaissances en maths. chemistry n. (school subject) (matière scolaire) chimie nf. Lisa failed chemistry last semester.Analytical chemistry: Analytical chemistry focuses on the structure and composition of matter. Related: 23 Types of Chemistry (Plus Choosing a Specialization) 1. Organic chemistry Organic chemistry is the study of the structures, composition, properties and reactions of compounds that contain carbon and have a carbon-hydrogen bond.Using Microsoft Excel for Figures and Statistical Analysis. Using Microsoft Excel to Analyze Data Using Linear Regression. Correct Use of a Scientific Notation on a Scientific Calculator. Watch the best videos and ask and answer questions in 225 topics and 28 chapters in Chemistry. Get smarter in Chemistry on Socratic.Oct 25, 2019 · Chemistry is important because everything around us is made up of chemicals and we use it in our day-to-day activities—in our house, industry, companies, etc. —Immanuel Abiola. Chemistry is the Universe: It is said that chemistry is the knowledge of observing this universe. The Department of Chemistry is a dynamic, growing department with faculty dedicated to providing quality education for all undergraduates through innovative programs, such as science service learning that have allowed UW students to mentor at-risk kids in science activities, monitor water quality in area streams, and help high school teachers ... ChemTube3D contains interactive 3D chemistry animations and structures, with supporting information, for students studying some of the most important topics in advanced school chemistry and university chemistry courses. Use the menus to explore them. Posted: 27 February, 2024.
chemistry n (science) (scienza) chimica nf : Chemistry is a physical science that requires a strong knowledge of math. La chimica è una scienza naturale che richiede una grande preparazione in matematica. chemistry n (school subject) (materia) chimica nf : Lisa failed chemistry last semester. Lisa non ha passato chimica lo scorso semestre .... Summit management group inc
Chemistry. (Image credit: Maciej Frolow/Getty Images) Chemistry is the study of matter and what happens when elements and compounds interact with other matter around them. It is a vast but ...Medicinal chemistry involves the creation and refinement of molecules for the purpose of creating or improving drugs. It is grounded in synthetic organic chemistry, a discipline in which scientists combine small molecules to create new ones. “The output of medicinal chemistry would be drug-like agents that can then go on for testing for their ...Learn what chemistry professionals do on the job in over 40 fields of specialization. Find out what skills and training you need to get started in your career.In 1661, he wrote the first chemistry textbook, “The Sceptical Cymist,” which moved the study of substances away from mystical associations with alchemy and toward scientific investigation.Mar 24, 2021 · 1.1: The Scope of Chemistry. Chemistry is the study of matter and the ways in which different forms of matter combine with each other. You study chemistry because it helps you to understand the world around you. Everything you touch or taste or smell is a chemical, and the interactions of these chemicals with each other define our universe. Feb 3, 2023 · Consider these key differences between the disciplines: 1. Applications. Chemists tend to focus more on research projects, while chemical engineers apply chemistry concepts to the creation of different materials. Chemists often work in theoretical analysis, which aims to discover new knowledge that advances an academic field. NIST is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce . The NIST Chemistry WebBook was developed in part with funds from the Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) program at NIST. Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products. Jun 23, 2022 · Chemistry is a branch of science. Although science itself is difficult to define exactly, the following definition can serve as a starting point. Science is the process of knowing about the natural universe through observation and experiment. Science is not the only process of knowing (e.g., the ancient Greeks simply sat and thought ), but it ... Jun 30, 2019 · 6. What is an atom? An atom is defined as the basic unit of a chemical element. A fundamental piece of matter. Plain simple and basic chemistry concept. Obviously we now know that atoms are made of smaller particles, called subatomic particles: protons (positively charged by convention), electrons (negatively charged by convention) and neutrons (neutral particles). chemistry: [noun] a science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and with the transformations that they undergo. Chemistry is a branch of science that has been around for a long time. In fact, chemistry is known to date back to as far as the prehistoric times. Due to the amount of time chemistry takes up on the timeline, the science is split into four general chronological categories. The four categories are ...David W. Ball of Cleveland State University brings his new survey of general chemistry text, Introductory Chemistry, to the market with a fresh theme that will be sure to hold student interest: "Chemistry is Everywhere." Introductory Chemistry is intended for a one-semester introductory or preparatory chemistry course. Throughout the chapters, David presents … PubChem is the world's largest collection of freely accessible chemical information. Search chemicals by name, molecular formula, structure, and other identifiers. Find chemical and physical properties, biological activities, safety and toxicity information, patents, literature citations and more. We are constantly adding new data and working ... Take advantage of study tips from VPTL: VPL has useful quick tips on exam taking, note taking, study strategies, etc. that might help you to think about how you want to organize your study time more efficiently. For instance, when you read through the chapter or lecture notes, constantly ask and answer questions for yourself as you go.In Bonnie Garmus’s debut novel, “Lessons in Chemistry,” a woman who has been banished to the home front turns it into a staging ground for a revolution. At the end of each episode of ...Chemistry. (Image credit: Maciej Frolow/Getty Images) Chemistry is the study of matter and what happens when elements and compounds interact with other matter around them. It is a vast but ...First Comprehensive Plastics Database Tallies Staggering 16,000 Chemicals—And It’s Still Incomplete. A massive new dataset highlights more than 4,200 plastic chemicals linked to health and ... NIST is an agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce . The NIST Chemistry WebBook was developed in part with funds from the Systems Integration for Manufacturing Applications (SIMA) program at NIST. Customer support for NIST Standard Reference Data products. Organic Chemistry. Structural Representations of Organic Compounds. IUPAC Nomenclature - Branched Chain Alkanes, Cyclic Compounds Unsaturated Compounds. Structural Isomerism. Geometric Isomerism. Optical Isomerism. Electrophiles and Nucleophiles. Inductive Effect, Electromeric Effect, Resonance Effects, and …B.S. Chemistry. The Bachelor of Science Degree in Chemistry prepares students for careers as professional chemists and serves as a foundation for careers in other fields such as biology and medicine. The curriculum offers a thorough fundamental knowledge of the major fields of chemistry, covering the general areas of inorganic, organic, and ...Physical chemistry involves the use of infinitesimal calculus in deriving equations. It is usually associated with quantum chemistry and theoretical chemistry. Physical chemistry is a distinct discipline from chemical physics, but again, there is very strong overlap. Chemical kinetics – study of rates of chemical processes..